I have a dream. Speech Analysis

I have a dream. Speech Analysis Introduction â€Å"I have a dream† speech was given by Martin Luther King on 28th August 1963. There was an audience of about 250,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington where the speech was given. This speech was mainly based on the freedom for the black’s referred to as Negros.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"I have a dream†. Speech Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was much concerned about the oppression and exploitation of the black Americans at that time and he wished that people would understand that they were all equal. Unfortunately, Martin Luther king was assassinated on 4th of April 1968 when he was thirty nine years old. However, Martin Luther king left a legacy and is remembered on Martin Luther King Day every year. Significance of the Speech in the world today In the course of delivering his speech, Martin Luther King said, â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation† (King speeches 1). This statement as he said has remained in our times and this is what has been happening all over the world. People are fighting for their freedom. He viewed it as an end to all oppression that was continuously being witnessed. This is a sign of new life of freedom and equality. Since he was a theologian, Martin Luther King addressed many injustices according to the Bible. Martin Luther King was enlightened and was tired of seeing blacks being exploited. He saw that the blacks were enslaved by the whites and yet they were helping them. He said, One hundred years later, the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely Island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. (Speech 1) Today many people are being exploited because of the ir race, tribe and even their origin. Many are living in poverty in the midst of the rich. Martin Luther King had spoken about this in his speech. He regretted that even after the country got a constitution; it did not accomplish the purpose it was meant to accomplish: â€Å"This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† (Speech 1).Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is a fact even in today’s society. Many countries have constitutions made up so as to bring about justice to the people. However, it is very unfortunate because many people are experiencing injustice in form of labor, race and tribe. Martin Luther King said that, â€Å"It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment† (Speech 1). This signifies that it was a matter that needed to be address ed in urgency; otherwise it would bring great destruction to the society at large. The same applies to the world today. If nations do not put away their differences it may lead to great losses to many people, for instance the mass killings which were witnessed in Rwanda, Yugoslavia and even currently the conflicts in the Middle East are consequences of injustices not being addressed urgently (United Human Rights Council 1). Martin Luther King said, that he had a dream, that every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low meaning that he hoped for a future with equality. This is believed to have become the reality of the dream when, black American Barack Obama became the president of America. Criticism of the Speech Although the speech is of great significance in our society today critics say that King was excessively rhetorical and that he did not provide a way to solve the many problems he addressed. Others say that some of his work in his doctoral disserta tion was plagiarized. This was followed by other responses that disagreed with the statement and said that it had nothing to do with his contribution in the civil rights movement (E-notes 1). Conclusion Martin Luther King’s Speech remains important in the modern society. It consists of well founded goals which if well addressed will take many countries up the ladder. However, critics will always be there to search for the wrongs. E-notes. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929-1968. E-NOTES, 2011. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"I have a dream†. Speech Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More King speeches. Martin Luther King Jr-I have a Dream speech. Writers Reviews, 2011. Web. Speech. The I Have a Dream Speech Analysis. Speech topics Help, Advice Ideas, 2011. Web. United Human Rights Council. Genocide in Rwanda. United Human Rights Council, 2011. Web.

Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Essays

Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Essays Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Paper Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Paper Scientific and social changes of the 21st century have brought a radical change in the Health care delivery system. Medical intervention is an important component of the health care delivery system and the role of a health care professional in patient welfare has no boundaries for praise. The health care profession has evolved through time to establish a firm role in the medical domain based on strong ethical, moral and professional principles. The medical professionals are ‘accountable’ today. The civil war (1860-65) enhanced the growth of health care in United States and the two World Wars saw the ‘nobility’ of the medical practice. The changing role of these professionals as significant members of the health care team has brought about radical change in Health Care delivery system. Practice methods like â€Å"The collaborative model† shows a radical shift from the past. â€Å"Evidence based Practice† is another model in practice today. In such a scenario, clinical care of cognitively impaired is a complex practice and involves the key concepts of knowing the patient and reflective thinking. BACKGROUND Communication is the pulse of medical practice with the elements of intimacy and reflective practice. Communication barriers of the mentally and cognitively impaired patients seem to erode the quality of medical care due to assumptions and attitudes. Lack of communication due to cognitive impairment and lack of health literacy clearly affects the medication adherence of the older patients, especially ethnic minority in origin. More than sixty percent of the minority population does not comply with the prescribed drug regimen in the USA. Non-verbal communication seems to be effective in such settings. Effects of cognitive impairment on the reliability of geriatric assessments has been studied recently (Phillips et. al, 1993) to explore the relationship between cognitive status and reliability of multidimensional assessment data. The studies have proved that the reliability of the patients communication and sensory ability are affected by cognitive status. Hence caution should be exercised in treating cognitively impaired patients. The cognitive impairment that contributes to unreliable assessment of patients includes those related to communicating, vision and hearing. Communication problems of hearing impaired patients have been studied as well (Hines, 2000). The studies have proved that such patients are seriously disadvantaged by the disability. The major factor contributing to the disadvantage has been the inadequacy in training of both health care professionals in deaf awareness and associated communication skills. Other factors include the patient’s concealing their disability, work pressure and poor communication of the staff. Monolingual and Bilingual communication between patients with dementia and their care givers have been studied and have shown that the relationship between a demented terminally ill patient and the care giver is an important factor which forms the foundation of the interaction between them. This communications is complex with different aspects of perception and practice (Sirkka, 1996). Non-speaking patients are the worst affected and it is important to improve their communication to allow them receive care and comfort. The ethnic old patients in Canada have been shown to have remained an isolated group as aliens in their own land. This ethnic population has been shown to be unable to communicate with their care givers (Saldovt, al 1994). Problems developed in such patients without interpreter services have been termed serious. Thus, the problems encountered in communication between health care professionals and patients can be based on cultural needs and cognitive status; Cognitively impaired or comatose are often neglected. Studies on demented terminally ill patients to evaluate the time care givers provide for direct patient care have showed that more time is being spent with non demented than with the demented. The patients were shown to react in five categories of communication types during interactions The patients enjoyed contact, Patient avoided contact, The patient was aggressive, Showed only slight reaction and Does not react. Studies pertaining to specific verbal communication interactions in such elderly patients have been carried out (Jones et. al 1986). The studies were carried out under the categories ‘words spoken’, ‘commands given’, ‘statements made’, ‘Questions asked and answered’ with there ethnic groups namely immigrant, Canadian born and Anglo-born. The studies highlighted the need for health care professionals be aware of the implications of differences with there groups. Another studies on communication with severely demented patients by the health care professionals have shown that care of such patients need clear communication during care procedures. Thus, use of non-verbal communication skills (NVC) to improve care, especially with people who have learning disability has been assessed in a study (Chambers, 2003). The study outlines a health care professionals’ diagnosis of altered non-verbal communication and a new wellness diagnoses for enhanced non-verbal communication with detailed discussion on use of NVC with people with comprehension difficulties. The study stresses on the fact that health care professionals can be important in enhancing the non-verbal skills of the patient to help them communicate. Adding support to the view, the importance of improving communication by touch has been documented (Vortherms, 1991). The article views touch as an integral aspect of care, with the language of touch including tactile symbols of duration, location, action, intensity, frequency and sensation. The article classifies touch as affectional, functional and protective. The article stress that age is not a category to decide upon touch in terms of reduced needs of touch. An examination of touch between health care professionals’ and elderly patients (McCann et. al, 1993) has shown that most touch interactions in a care of the elderly are instrumental in nature and expressive touches are usually given to body extremities like the forehead, arms and the legs. Caring mentally ill patients undergoing therapy with antipsychotic drugs like clozapine and benzodiazepines involves careful monitoring of the patient’s physiological condition as well. Such drugs have marked side effects like sedation, hyper salivation, increase in transaminases, EEG changes, cardiovascular respiratory dysregulation, overweight, mild Parkinsonism, akathisia, tardive dysakinesia, increase of liver enzymes, hypotension, fever, ECG alterations, tachycardia, and delirious states. These drugs also pose the risk of seizures. With medical litigations on the rise, the interventions should be based on the competence of the patient. However in psychiatric cases there seems to be a group of individuals who are marginally competent. This group seems to lie in-between the two extremes of competence and incompetence and competence in this case thus appears to be a matter of degree. Mentally retarded persons who have some understanding of the reality and are able to express their wishes and desires can also be considered marginally competent. Mentally ill individuals whose illness has not completely impaired their understanding and capacity to express their wishes and desires are also considered marginally competent. These individuals are not incompetent though they suffer from specific deficits due to destroyed faculties. These marginally competent individuals make a significant group and recognizing the existence of such group of marginally competent individuals will help define competence better towards the documentation of informed consent and advance directives during interventions. A Psychological well being was shown to be enhanced by the humanistic personal interaction with the health care professionals and the professional interaction was shown to enhance physical well being. The patient’s feelings of well being always depended on the psychological well being according to the study. (Jane, 2002). Another studies on communication with severely demented patients by the health care professionals have shown that care of such patients need clear communication during care procedure and the health care professionals were vogue in their verbal communication and some patients were verbally active after the health care professionals leaving the bed side. A small scale pilot study has explored the educational base and needs of qualified care givers with reference to terminally ill patients with learning disability. The study has shown the lack of knowledge and skills in health care professionals to deal with the LD patients. The study has also recommended the introduction of communication and interpersonal skills in the care and Management of terminally ill patients with LD in the curriculum. The role of communication in care for elderly as documented by a literature review (Varhellan et, al. 1997) indicate a lack of observational instruments to effectively evaluate the interactive nature of patients communication especially with reference to reliability and validity. LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The negative influence of elderly patients mental impairment on patient interaction has been documented in a study using the Clifton Assessment Procedure (Armstrong et, al 1986). 23 students were assessed under three categories of lucid, slightly confused and demented. Data on interactions with nursing staff were gained by direct observation. Studies concluded that health care professionals interact less with confused category them lucid category. Most of the health care professionals were more directed in the physical care of the patients them the psychological interaction or restorative activity. The patient’s inability to provide an accurate history of his problem and to participate in self-care blocks the usual process of care, often resulting in medical uncertainty inadequacy and frustration for the physician (Wendy L. , et. al, 2005). This shifts the goal from cure to care and shifting the goal of care from curing the patients illness to caring for the patients quality of life is problematic. The doctor–patient relationship changes dramatically often with ethical dilemmas related to patient autonomy and decision-making. Communication problems seem to erode health care professional’s commitment to care (Ekman et. al, 1991). Continuity of care seems to be a significant factor in psychiatric care as documented by research studies (Backrush, 1981). Continuity of caregivers where a single, continuous treatment team is responsible for patients in both inpatient and outpatient settings (Fuller Torrey 1986) seem also to complement continuity of care with improved cognitive function self-care skills. Cognitive impairments and low health literacy pose a serious barrier on the reliability of patient assessments. Hence, there is a need for training the health care professionals on communication skills with reference to cognitive impairments and designing awareness programs for such patients towards better health care. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The main Objective of the study is to evaluate self-reported medication compliance in patients 50+ years of age and to compare physician assessments of patient’s adherence to a prescribed drug regimen provided on the â€Å"Predictive Score Sheet† to data obtained in telephone survey. The main goal of the study is to administer Medication Adherence Telephone Survey to all patients that completed the initial RAND SF-36 Survey, to complete double entry of data using SPSS software, to design and implement a statistical analysis plan to address the stated research question and to understand the effects of self-reported data on the validity of a research study MATERIALS AND METHOD In such a context, a demographic survey and two health assessments were administered to a convenient sample for a consecutive two week period utilizing CLOX, an executive clock drawing test to screen for cognitive impairment and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) test to measure health literacy. A stimulated patient chart reviews and a telephone survey to record medication adherence behavior was conducted. One hundred cognitively impaired patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia referred for Clozapine therapy were studied over the period of two weeks of treatment. Clozapine is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine derivative 8-chloro-11- (4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo [b, e] [1,4] diazepine. It is available as 25mg and 100 mg tablets for oral administration. Clozapine is widely used in refractory Schizophrenia. There seems to be a cultural and geographical variations in dose response relationship and tolerability to the drug making the dose response unpredictable. The effective and tolerable range is between 100 mg to 900 mg, which makes it difficult to make a predictive, significant and valid correlation. There has been no positive correlation with serum level too. Adherence to medication is important in clozapine therapy for results. The study was open level, naturalistic, and prospective, involving all patients, consecutive one hundred, referred for Clozapine during the year 2006. Data was obtained from patients and key relatives after informed consent. After therapy began, patients received a follow-up evaluation on day 4, 8 and again on the last day of treatment. The patients included 62 men and 38 women of low to middle socio-economical class, ranging in age from 52 to 56 years, averaging 54 years of age. 38% were married, 43% were single, and 19% were separated. The duration of illness prior to the study ranged from 5 to 21 years, averaging 7 years. Patients’ duration of illness before first psychiatric contact ranged between 5 months and 46 months, averaging 20 months. Prior to the study, 55% of the patients had a history of hospitalization, averaging 2 prior hospitalizations and the mean duration of hospitalization was 2 months. A history of violence was recorded in 46% of patients and 72% had a history of behavioral disruption. 28% of the patients had attempted suicide. Some were unable to function in society- 66% were socially disabled and 74% had little or no occupational functionality. One fourth of the patients had a positive family history of some psychological disorder. Schizophrenia was diagnosed in 16% of those relatives: 5% in siblings, 8% in parents, and 3% among offspring. Other psychological disorders, including alcoholism, depression, and suicide attempts were confirmed in first-degree relatives among 9% of the patients.

Difficulties in Basic Non-Syntactic Cognitive Processes Essay

Difficulties in Basic Non-Syntactic Cognitive Processes - Essay Example According to this theory, language acquisition must occur early in life if native-like mastery is to be achieved. After the critical period has passed, the age of acquisition is no longer supposed to have an effect, and native-like performance is no longer achievable. (Birdsong, 2005) Not all L2 data conform to a strict interpretation of Critical Period Hypothesis. The age at which L2 grammatical performance begins to differ from native speakers varies widely from early childhood to late adolescence, depending on the combinations of first and second languages. ( Bialystok and Miller, 199; Mc DONALD, 2000) Recent research has also studied the grammatical performance of native speakers under memory load. Using a grammaticality judgment task, Blackwell and Bates (1995) found native speakers were impaired in their judgment ability on sentences containing agreement violations with a low concurrent memory load and showed impairment on sentences containing omissions and word order errors at a much higher memory load. The compressed speech did not affect the interpretation of active and subject-cleft structures, which follow the normal subject-verb-object word order, but it did impact the interpretation of passives and object-clefts which have non-canonical word order. A.U. Knightly, Jun, and Oh (2002) found that early passive exposure to a language spoken in the home allowed people who then learned the language in adulthood to perform well in this language on phonological measures, but did not help with syntactic mastery. The age of acquisition at which L2 learners are significantly worse than native speakers is earlier if the L1 and L2 are dissimilar than if they have more similarity. (Johnson and Newport, 189 found this age to be 7 for Chinese/English and Korean speakers.)

Colonies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonies - Essay Example However, each of them had their own resources, ways, and dispositions. This is where exactly the three of them diverge. Smith believed in employing labor to acquire all the necessities of living. Bradford believes freedom of religion. Winthrop believed in only one kind of worship. While some colonizers did venture through vast lands and perils for the purpose of flourishing wealth thereby expanding their trades and purposes, some still aimed to instill religion and education to the naivetà © of people who needed them and of whom they thought needed a certain social culture. Such were some of the major goals of the three colonizers. Smith’s leadership during the starvation produced a lasting effect upon the people when he resorted to labor to increase production and diminish subsistence. Bradford wanted an intact society especially as he depicted by creating a pact with the Indians. Moreover, although Smith may have believed in God, it was not as explicit as Bradford had professed in his writing. He considered that the hardships they had encountered were only proof’s of God existence. Winthrop’s sermon was less like a combination of Bradford’s and Smith’s ideologies. He believed in equal responsibility towards one another th ough in essence people are not born with equal reserves. This being said, Winthrop was the colonizer who confined religion and faith to one God as his front and weapon. Even without wealth in mind, John Smith successfully inspired the habit of responsibility among the natives with the effective use of labor while instilling that no person survives without working. He provided an integrated form of leadership which actually worked in all due fairness (Seiferth, n.d.). Aside from that, he also managed to unite conflicting lands in Virginia despite the fact that he suffered incarceration. Meanwhile Bradford’s services as

Psychosocial stage of development Essay Example for Free

Psychosocial stage of development Essay According to Erickson’s psychosocial stage of development my age lies under the fourth stage i. e. industry versus inferiority. This stage starts from age 6 to 12 and in this stage a child is shifting from dependent circumstances to more independent circumstances. Like in this stage he becomes more desired to achieve something or to finish his tasks completely. He came out of that age of fantasy and became more responsible because after entering this stage a child starts learning new things, he knows if he’ll do well in school he’ll b admired by his parents as well as other people. If a child experiences the fulfillment of his achievements basically anything positive or constructive will easily be through by this crisis stage. On other hand he also knows that if he’ll b failed to complete his task then he will face criticism from family and others as well. If a child faces failure at his school responsibilities or even worse than that he is ignored and no one wishes to accept or develop his capabilities and strengths or not given a chance to discover their potentials then it’s quite obvious that a child would feel inferior or low and inadequate to do anything (Myers, 2009). Psychosocial Stage of Development Influences Behavior and Relationships: As per Erickson’s psychosocial stage of development my behavior and relationships are very much influenced by this theory of Erickson. Influences which can be seen according to Erickson’s psychosocial stage development on me were like when i start going to school at the age of three i have no idea that what will the situations i will be going through. My mind was not big enough to understand these things but as i got into junior high school i came across certain things which I have to handle by myself whether good or bad. Next thing was my relationship to my peers or companions which is based on some rules like if I am going to play some game like baseball i need a team to play with. This shows that I have developed a strong relationship through teamwork (Myers, 2009). Than if looking to my studies I have a certain group that studies along with me, if we have a homework given we do it regularly by which my behavior patterns got controlled and i get disciplined every year after. I went through all these things and finally i got hold on how to handle psychosocial crisis because having good relationship with your peer group and develop a good behavior can lead any person to the path of success. And if one person has made good decision at this level then he can easily be cautious about taking decisions on next levels or can say that he’ll easily be industrious (Cash, 2002). Positive Influence of Psychosocial Stage of Development: Positive influences which come out of my psychosocial stage development were that i have strong bond made between me and my peer group because we use to play and study and study together. By doing this we came across many victories which made us proud and give a sense of satisfaction that we can do something that can be appreciated by our families and other people as well. As this is the middle age in which a child wants to do things by his will without interfering of others. At my academic level things have been very positive for me as there is full support of my parents by which i have developed certain skill at my own. Like if you talk about behaviour i have made a timetable and put things which are suitable for me to do at certain time frame. My behaviour towards my studies would also be considered positive because i got support from my parents and also from my teachers which helped me in many ways(Cash,2002). Negative Influence of Psychosocial Stage of Development: Talking about negative influence of my psychosocial stage of development there are certain things which made me feel inferior when i was in the middle childhood stage were that when in school teacher used to say that you have to finish your lunch even if I am not that much hungry which made me feels awful many times. Regarding this food stuff which at my home also has been an issue for me was that in that middle childhood stage i use to see my mom cooking different cuisines for our family. Sometimes i also feel like to cook something for my family but my mother always use to lower my enthusiasm by telling me that I am too small to cook. This have been left a very negative impact on me and that’s why i still don’t know how to cook food properly because somewhere in my mind I have this complex that if I will cook something it would not be worth it(Cash,2002). Other Developmental Issues Influenced My Personality: Other development issues influenced my personality in such a way that when i was born i. e. when I am in the stage of trust versus mistrust, although i was too small to know that what happened with me at that time but looking to myself i can say that my family or my parents have taken very good care of me, because i don’t see any many negative points in my personality and it’s all because of my parents. The example of trust can be given that how much I am close to my parents. Next stage would be autonomy versus shame and doubt in which a child develops a sense of being a separate human being and wants attention that everyone knows him individually. Regarding this stage there are some negative aspects of my personality that after reaching to an age of three i still was not able to go to toilet by myself because i was not properly trained. So at that time this bring me shame that kids of my age are toilet trained but I am not. But on the other hand i was very much trained to do mess while I am having my food which helps me a lot handle spoon in my hand on my own. After that another stage come which is initiative versus guilt in which a child starts taking decision of his own that whether he wants to eat or not or what things he should do. This is the age which is also known as play age, when a child starts going to pre-school or nursery. In this age a child wants to start doing things on its own or wants to take risks. Like in this stage a child starts going to school and there he learns different things and skills. Like I have said my academic time has helped me a lot to develop my personality (Cash, 2002). If I have to experiment something which help me further then my teacher encourages me to excel my abilities and this helped me a lot in taking decisions in my afterlife. Regarding the stage which I have picked i. e. industry versus inferiority these above developments have influenced my personality till my middle childhood stage (Cash, 2002). Conclusion: If i have to say that how much influenced erickson’s psychosocial stage of development has made then to me its 90% correct that whatever he gives the theory can help people to understand their children if they are facing difficulties regarding their mood, behavior or actions. Through his theory people should know that a child cannot be treated forcefully he should get full time to develop himself. It’s been seen that people who went through the crisis of their early adulthood and resolved them successfully, they who are also successful in their adolescence. REFERENCES Myers, D. G. (2009). Psychology. Worth Publishers Cash, A. (2002). Psychology for Dummies. Hungry Minds Books

The Feudal Society of Matewan :: Stone Mountain Coal Company Economics Essays

The Feudal Society of Matewan The Stone Mountain Coal Company wielded monopoly control over the town of Matewan through a feudal system of economic, cultural, political, and environmental processes. Every person in the town of Matewan came under the power of the company in one way or another. The employees of Stone Mountain were under a bondage contract with the company. Once they came to the company it was impossible to leave and at the same time maintain a basic standard of living. They could not leave also because once they signed on with the company they owed the company a large sum of money for everything ranging from the ticket for the train that brought them to Matewan to the equipment they needed to work there. In this way it was as if they were paying the company to let them work in the mines rather the other way around. They did not have the rights basic to capitalism such as the right to join a union, the right to sell their labor in a labor market to the bidder of their choice, and the rig ht to spend their wage freely. The Stone Mountain Coal Company controlled the processes involving the production, circulation, and distribution of products and services in the town of Matewan. Most of the people in the town were employees of the company and others were in debt to the company through mortgages and loans. Everyone depended on the company for daily necessities such as food and clothing because the company owned the stores in Matewan and because all employees of Matewan were paid in company script which only allowed them to buy in the company stores. Furthermore, their contract said that to buy from any other store would mean immediate discharge from employment. The Stone Mountain Coal company was the only major employer in town. To become self-employed, citizens of Matewan would have needed initial endowments of resources, products and land that were only available at the company's prerogative. The Stone Mountain Coal company kept economic control through political processes which served to punish behavior unfavorable to the company. The company sent in agents from Baldwin-Felts to act as the feudal managers or Knights who intimidated the people and infiltrated the new union.

Account for the success of pop music in Britain

Pop music is music charted by the number of sales, plays, etc that the song receives. It is not a particular genre or style of music, but simply the most popular for the tracked period of time, and usually targets a wide audience. To begin with I am going to discuss the history behind pop music from mid 1950's to the 1970's. In the mid-1950s, Britain was still feeling the pain of the war, with food and money shortages, and difficulty still part of daily life. Britain as a country was also in financial trouble, the economy was in bad shape. This was a grey time, and young British people/ British ‘kids' had no dreams, and they could only copy the images which they saw on television or in the media from the life of kids in America. These young Americans would be driving their own cars, and wearing the latest fashionable clothes. The British youth would watch and hear the latest ‘Rock ‘N Roll' music sounds from the States with artists such as Elvis Presley. During the 1950's British children had no a separate youth culture from their parents. The transition between child and adult was nothing huge or spectacular. The way that young people dressed was almost the same as their parents. They were not a separate group with their own values and customs. British youth culture was small, and was totally dominated by American trends and styles. The British music industry in the 1950's relied heavily on American music which led to British copies, of American-style music. The music industry was controlled from London but was out of touch with the needs and wants of the youth of Britain. However, even in this atmosphere, a uniquely ‘British' musical trend emerged in late 1956-57; this was called ‘Skiffle', (a kind of simple folk music played by a small group (friends), mainly with rhythmic accompaniment, usually a washboard to a singing guitarist). This simple style was easy for teenagers to play, just one guitar, and someone who could vaguely keep a rhythm on a washboard. Skiffle was made famous by Glasgow-born Lonnie Donegan. Lonnie was hugely popular and, an inspiration to the musical youth of Britain. There are many famous musicians and groups e.g. Eric Clapton (is an English blues-rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and co mposer. He is one of the most successful musicians of the 20th centuryy) who all say that Lonnie Donegan was a big influence on them. Music was different between the South of London compared to the North. In the cities outside of London, especially Liverpool, but also Birmingham, Manchester, and Newcastle had a musical revolution. In Liverpool, a ‘music culture' very different and separate from London was happening. In the North, the kids loved Rhythm ‘N' Blues, and Rock ‘N Roll, not the easy listening music that they had in the south. By the early 1960's northern cities had a large and highly competitive band scene emerging in which hundreds of ‘local' bands tried to find and perform the latest imported songs from America. Indeed it is often said that American Blues music, the music of black people, was originally from America but was found not popular but when it came over to Britain it succeeded to be popular and that's when Americans accepted it and then began to like it. In Liverpool, the music they played was a mix of the American music with a touch of the ‘Mersey' and ‘Liverpool' individualism. The concept of a ‘Mersey beat' was born. By the 1960's there were so many great groups in this Mersey scene such as ‘The Beatles' and everyone young in Britain decided they were number one. The Beatles went to America, and once The Beatles had ‘cracked' the American market, their success just kept flowing. Suddenly Britain, (mainly London), was ‘swinging', in the ‘swinging 60's'. Britain became the centre of the music and fashion world. There was a genuine energy, creativity and optimism which was totally the opposite of the mood of a few years before. The economy that influenced the music industry; in the early 1960's, the economy of Britain took off. Britain became a rich country; everybody had jobs and money, including the young people. In particular the youth of Britain had started to get more money, and acquire spending power and became independent. This meant that they bought more clothes and records. Young people became big business, and record companies and fashion companies wanted young people to buy their products and so advertising the message of youth. Britain succeeded largely when the US president John F. Kennedy was assassinated and it left America in a state of shock, without a sense of direction and vulnerable. The Americans looked to England for musical and artistic inspiration, and so Britain became dominant within the music industry. The impact of US films and music inspired a series of spectacular and distinctly British youth subcultures from the mid-50's to the late-70's. Many groups decided to drop out of British society. They decided to make their own small societies in Britain. Some wanted to change the whole country as well. In 1953 became the creation of ‘Teddy Boys/Girls' this was the first youth group in Britain. They dressed with a Rockabilly' style and with ‘quiffs', influenced by Elvis Presley, accessories such as flick-knives, crepe sole shoes, and they were typically from working-class London. They were not so revolutionary but rather violent. Therefore in Britain in the 1950's there was no real pop or rock music however in 1960's pop and rock music in Britain was the biggest, or second biggest revolution in the world. The culture of the 1960's was the hippies. The hippy values were a reaction to ‘money' and ‘normality'. These values were peace and love. The music of their interest was ‘The Beatles', ‘The Who', and ‘Jimmy Hendrix'. In 1963 became the ‘Mods' a Jamaican-rude boy/Italian-cool style, and US soul. The music that interested them were; ‘The small faces', ‘The who' and ‘Scooters'. This group were typically from a working-class background in London. The type of fashion they led was Fashion-Green army parkas, and Italian suits. In 1976-1979 became ‘The Punks', their interest was of artists such as ‘Sex pistols', ‘The clash' and ‘Bondage'. Their led a fashion of leather jackets and trousers with a ripped effect held back with safety pins. The 1980's was the return influences of pop which was having a greater impact in this decade than ever before. Hits in the US charts came from the UK, from artists such as â€Å"George Michael -Careless Whisper†, â€Å"Wham-Wake Me Up Before You Go Go† (both 1984), â€Å"George Harrison-Got My Mind Set on You† and â€Å"Rick Astley-Never Gonna Give You Up† (both 1988). The rock genre delivered a good number of pop hits this decade, with bands otherwise protective of their roots delivering briefly into commercialism. An example is a British-American rock band â€Å"Foreigner- I Want to Know What Love Is† (1985). One of the big trends in UK pop music this decade was the success of the boy band and girl band's, with early successes being Manchester's Take That and Ireland's Boyzone. The Spice Girls had their first hits in 1996 and dominated the next few years with many hit singles, and by the end of the decade there were many others, from boy bands Westlife and Five to girl bands B*Witched and All Saints. Many popular songs came from female artists. A few of the most significant are ‘Sinead O'Connor- Nothing compares to you' (1990), and the ‘Spice Girls- Wannabe' (1996). Following-up on the positive results of the eighties, songs from movie soundtracks continued to be popular. Defining hits of the genre include ‘Bryan Adams- Everything I do (I do it for you)' for Robin Hood: Prince Of Thieves (1991). Pop became truly international in the nineties, with hits coming from diverse and distant locations but from Britain was; ‘Chesney Hawkes- The one and only' (1991), and ‘Babylon Zoo- Spaceman' (1996). Plus one of the best selling singles of all time, ‘Elton John- Candle in the Wind' (1997); Other British success was of the Spice Girls who have since become Pop icons, with Global hits such as â€Å"Wannabe† and â€Å"2 Become 1†. In the first decade of the twenty-first century Female singers have had a big successful influence on the pop music, with rhythmic ballads, hip hop pieces and dance tracks, some include; ‘Dannii Minogue- I begin to wonder', and ‘Sophie Ellis Bextor- Murder on the dance floor' both in 2001. A female band called ‘Girls Aloud' created by ITV1 talent show Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. Have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the decade, with a record-breaking 18 consecutive Top 10 singles (including three number ones) and five platinum albums (including a number one). They are Smash Hits poll winners, have won a TMF Award and have been nominated for two BRIT Awards. Girls Aloud hold the record for the shortest time between formation and reaching number one in the UK Charts (with their platinum-selling dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½but single â€Å"Sound of the Underground†), and have since become one of the few reality television groups to achieve continued success. For a contemporary pop group manufactured on reality television they have received unprecedented praise from broadsheet newspapers and the rock music press, with publications including the Observer Music Monthly and the NME giving their music rave reviews. The Observer has referred to â€Å"Bio logy† as the single of the decade. Traditional rock and modern rock made forays into pop with consecrated artists and newcomers both introducing songs to the pop music, ‘Franz Ferdinand-Take me out' was a good example. Franz Ferdinand is an indie rock band that formed in Glasgow, Scotland in 2001. The band first experienced chart success when their second single â€Å"Take Me Out† which I mentioned above reached #3 in the UK Charts, followed by their debut album Franz Ferdinand which debuted on the UK album chart at #3. Entirely digital productions integrated new technology and sounds, and as electronic (electro) dance music entered the mainstream, pop artists started using producers and re-mixers which contributed their styles to the genre an example were the ‘Gorillaz-Feel good inc'. Britain hit the pop charts with artists such as ‘Robbie Williams-feel good' (2003), ‘James Blunt- You're beautiful' (2005), and ‘James Morrison- You give me something' (2006). I conclude that Britain have been very successful within pop music, but with a very competitive competition against America. I personally felt that for each decade Britain increased their success within pop and it was down to many aspects but mainly to the talented artists in Britain and the individuality within the music itself.

English Language Learning Essay

FLASH BACK:- Of all the languages in the world today, English deserved to be regarded as a world language. It is the world’s most widely spoken language. It is the common means of communication between the people of different nations. English language learning has its own prospects. Teaching of English as a foreign language for many of our students and a second language for some in our country has not yet achieved the decided aim of free communication of thought. With the down of independence, some Indians demanded that English should quit India with the English. This demand for the abolition of English from this country was due to domination and exploitation of the British people of our country. Some other people argue that if the study of English be killed in India, the progress of this country will be seriously affected. Because of this controversy, the most important problem for us is to decide, what place should be assigned to English in free India. The teaching of English at schools and colleges should be more practical and language oriented in order to achieve the limited objectives of learning this important world language. The content and character of English language as well as the method of imparting have to undergo a change. It should be taught as a language of comprehension and communication. The basic knowledge of grammar and structure of language needs to be modified. A practical command of the non literary and non technical practical command of the non literary should be acquired at the school age. MY JUSTIFICATION:-It is my own observation from my teaching experiences after going through the problems of the students in English language Learning among the large numbers of students which can be sharply pointed  out that the most unfortunate aspect about the learning of English in the Secondary and Higher Secondary School is the lack of any clear cut and attainable aim of standard of achievement in English Language Learning. This problem can be classified into different categories—— (1) Lack of Clear Cut Objectives. (2) More Emphasis on the Mother Tongue. (3) Poor base or defective Teaching in Primary Level. (4) Improper Guardianship at Home. (5) Lack of Supportive English Speaking Environment. (6) Non Motivated and Non Interesting as well as Substandard textbooks. (7) Unsatisfactory Evaluation System. (8) Dearth of Competent Teachers. (9) Indifferent Administration. (10) No Individual Attention. (11) Not Using Proper Audio-Visual Aids. So to eradicate the problems of English language learning it must be taken some necessary steps which will prospect the English language. These remedial measures are the main tools of the prospective ideas in regard to the development of English language learning. The important measures are as follows——————— A. INTRODUCTION OF DIRECT METHOD :- The direct method of teaching English was oriented in France. It is a method by which we teach English directly. Direct method of teaching a foreign language through conversation, discussion and reading in the language itself without the use of pupil’s language, translation, the study of formal grammar. Therefore, this method is otherwise known as reformal method. Following are some advantages or merits of the Direct method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1) It promote the ability of self thinking and self expression of English among the students. (2) It establishes a direct association between the word and its meaning. (3) It is the quickest way to understand, read, write and speak English clearly. (4) It lays more stress on oral work. B. USE OF STRUCTURAL METHOD :- In Structural Approach high priority is given to speech. The fundamental principle of structural approach is to develop the ability of speaking. In this method important is given to the child’s activity rather than the activity of the teacher. The teacher should make the students familiar with the given structures in three forms – spoken, printed and written. The main principle of structural Approach is drilling of new structures , words and phrases properly by which students will understand these properly. In this method direct meaning of the words should not be given to the students. The teacher should give the model sentences by using different words with proper meaning and clear idea. C. USE OF GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD:- This method has much value if it is used judiciously. It is the easiest method by using translation. The teacher can easily make his students understand the meaning of the English Word. Its best advantage lies in the sphere of vocabulary getting. Through translation vagueness of meaning of the English word or phrase is avoided and word is associated with the native word. The child proceeds from the known to unknown English words with abstract ideas which are easily explained in the mother tongue. This method has been found in useful for a comparative study or understanding the difference of structures of sentences in English and the vernacular. D. USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:- The main purpose of the use of Audio Visual Aids is to enable the teacher to make his lessons effective and interesting. Books and other printed  materials have been the basic tools of teaching and they are still of great importance. But audio visual aids make the situation more exciting, interesting and understandable for the students. They help to avoid excessive, empty and meaningless verbalization in teaching English. They provide direct sense experiences to pupils and help them to form clear and accurate concepts in English. E. SPECIFIC METHOD FOR TEACHING PROSE , POETRY:- While the teacher enters to the class to teach prose and poetry, his first attempt should be to motivate the students with his attractive ideas of thought. His introductory speech is always very important for the students motivation.Then teaching techniques must be applied; such as model reading by the teacher, reading loud by the pupils, exposition of difficult words, structure or line, silent reading by the pupils, comprehension test and lastly application test. CLOSING COMMENT:- In conclusion my suggestion is that English should not be compulsory rather it should be simple and utilitarian. When the student finishes school it is necessary that he should have gained during the six or seven years, a practical command over the language. It is possible only if we make the environment- situation friendly and future oriented. Teacher, pupil, guardian, society, authority†¦everyone must come forward and work together.

Sustainability on Hitachi and Cake Crumbs

Sustainability on Hitachi and Cake Crumbs Hitachi is a leading global electronic company commonly known as Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (Hitachi GST). It specializes in the manufacture of hard disc drives, external storage solutions as well as solid state drives. These components are commonly used to handle wide array of data. For instance, data can be generated, stored, processed, retrieved and also disseminated using these components.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability on Hitachi and Cake Crumbs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, this company also offers myriad of products, systems and services which are used in data management. Some of these products include electronic devices, information systems, power and industrial systems, financial and logistics services as well as consumer products. Hitachi Company has a wide range of internal and external hard disc drives which offer a satisfactory storage capacity to meet the demand of tech savvy modern users. The drives therefore let one backup and synchronize important data. These drives are known to be reliable and fast enough in terms of speed thus meeting the needs of the consumers. Hitachi has a variety of hard drives and each variety has unique characteristics. Deskstar T7K500 which is a 3.5 inch hard disk drive has a formatted capacity of 250 to 500 GB and works at a speed of 7200 RPM. The disc drive works under a temperature of between 0-60 degrees centigrade and a humidity of 8-90%. The drive is made of sub-drives that are advantageous in that they require minimal running and spinning power and less cooling of the drive. It is also capable of spinning down drives that are not being used at a certain time. In terms of memory, the disc drives possess large Processing memory. Hitachi disk driveAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addit ion to this, the drive possesses data integrity in that in case of power loss, Customers’ data is not lost. It has no preventitive maintenance and can withstand 50,000 Start and stop cycles. Moreover, it has a data recovery system. All these Functional characteristics make the device highly reliable.1 Another organization where the same innovative principle is evidenced is ‘Cake Crumbs’ in Denver. This is a three years old baking company with a notable expansion over the past few years. Apart from cakes, they also make salads and sandwiches. As a result, their supply market has widened with time. They are dedicated to making their customers happy through their services that even involve making deliveries to customers’ residences. In addition to this, they make sure they share news about their products together with any happenings around. They are keen to customers’ suggestions and feedback.2   The shop has made use of a variety of ingredients sour ced from the locality and this has consequently resulted to expansion of its menus to meet demand. Cake baking and decorations scientifically and visionary art forms are employed. The success of ‘Cake Crumbs’ can also be attributed to its creative, experienced, focused and professional employees. In summing up, it is imperative to mention that the invention of the Hitachi disc drives has contributed a lot to the growth of information technology. Its reliability, environmental adaptations, storage and memory capacity among other features increases its suitability across the board. As far as Cake Crumb is concerned, it is definitely an aspect to reckon with. Many businesses can borrow from it. Finally, the following measures are highly recommended: 3 Introduction and distribution of the drives in various geographical locations. Sensitization of both active and prospect consumers through strategic marketing. Marketing of Cake Crumb products to other areas of Colorado an d neighboring countries. The cakes can also be delivered to consumers within their localities in order to reduce physical distance. In addition, sustainable raw materials (ingredients) can be purchased from affordable or less expensive sources. It is important to utilize a lot of media attention techniques for marketing and sustainability. Mostly, the extensive use of social media by the Cake Crumb Company is positive and a good step for extensive marketing. Use of Hitachi disc drives that are relatively smaller in size. Conclusion The companies analyzed have several aspects in common. Most of the similarities relate to techniques of enhancing relevance and sustainability in the market. The following are some of comparisons that can be drawn from the two companies:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability on Hitachi and Cake Crumbs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both companies embrace creativity and innovat iveness as key to remaining relevant in the market. Hitachi Company has drives that are customized and can meet the demands from tech savvy customers. Cake Crumb Company utilizes the social media as a way of capturing both existing and prospective customers. This is creative because it places the company relevant for long. According to Chasser and Wolfe, companies must use available media attention techniques and unique characteristics to maintain their relevance. 4 The two companies have effective customer services. Cake Crumb company has a program that taps suggestions and feedbacks from the customers. The company then tries as much as possible to offer its customers some of their preferences as a form of retaining them. Hitachi Company has myriad of services, systems and products that are at disposals. This kind of variety ensures that customers can easily obtain what they actually need at any given time. The company also customizes some of its products to fit the taste and prefe rences of consumers. It is crucial to mention that good customer service is necessary in any business operation bearing in mind that no single business organization can remain relevant in the market without the positive input of consumers. The two companies are well endowed with strategic business marketing as well as business connecting. The latter is a fundamental form of marketing any kind of company. Most importantly, the direction taken is mainly customer based. It seeks to analyze the needs, tastes and preferences of consumers and streamlining production accordingly.5 The use of social media and widening of the market by Cake Crumb is one way of moving closer to the targeted consumers who are supposed to understand the products being offered in the market and possibly make necessary choices. Hitachi, on the other hand, is keenly focusing on Corporate Social Responsibility especially in management of the environment. Both companies have variety of products for their customers. The element of variety in both product and service portfolio has been utilized by both companies as a marketing strategy of not only maintaining their customers but also attracting new ones.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bibliography Chaser, Anne Wolfe, Jennifer. Brand rewired: Connecting Branding, creativity, and intellectual property strategy. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc, 2010. Estes, Jonathan. Smart green: how to implement sustainable business practices in any industry and make money. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, 2009. Jose, San. â€Å"Hitachi Inspire the Next†. Hitachi. Web. Lichtenthal, David. Fundamentals of business marketing education: A guide for university-level faculty and policymakers. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc, 2004. Team Cake-Crumbs. Pie, â€Å"Beautiful Pie†. Cake Crumbs. Web. Footnotes 1 San Jose, â€Å"Hitachi Inspire the Next†. Hitachi. 2 Team Cake-Crumbs. Pie, â€Å"Beautiful Pie†. Cake Crumbs. 3 Jonathan Estes. Smart green: how to implement sustainable business practices in any industry and make money. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, 2009,pp. 140-141. 4 Anne Chaser Wolfe, Jennifer. Brand rewired: Connecting Branding, creativity, and intellectual p roperty strategy. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc, 2010.p. 62. 5David Lichtenthal. Fundamentals of business marketing education: A guide for university-level faculty and policymakers. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc, 2004. p.28.

Heavy Metals in Science - Definition and Examples

Heavy Metals in Science s In science, a  heavy metal is a metallic element which is toxic and has a high density, specific gravity or atomic weight. However, the term means something slightly different in common usage, referring to any metal capable of causing health problems or environmental damage. Examples of Heavy Metals Examples of heavy metals include lead, mercury and cadmium. Less commonly, any metal with a potential negative health effect or environmental impact may be termed a heavy metal, such as cobalt, chromium, lithium and even iron. Dispute over Heavy Metal Term According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or IUPAC, the term heavy metal may be a meaningless term because there is no standardized definition for a heavy metal. Some light metals or metalloids are toxic, while some high-density metals are not. For example, cadmium generally is considered a heavy metal, with an atomic number of 48 and specific gravity of 8.65, while gold typically is not toxic, even though it has an atomic number of 79 and specific gravity of 18.88. For a given metal, the toxicity varies widely depending on the allotrope or oxidation state of the metal. Hexavalent chromium is deadly; trivalent chromium is nutritionally significant in many organisms, including humans. Certain metals, such as copper, cobalt, chromium, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, selenium, and molybenum, may be dense and/or toxic, yet are required micronutrients for humans or other organisms. The essential heavy metals may be needed to support key enzymes, act as cofactors, or act in oxidation-reduction reactions. While necessary for health and nutrition, excess exposure to the elements can cause cellular damage and disease. Specifically, excess metal ions can interact with DNA, proteins, and cellular components, altering the cell cycle, leading to carcinogenesis, or causing cell death. Heavy Metals of Significance to Public Health Exactly how dangerous a metal is depends on several factors, including the dose and means of exposure. Metals affect species differently. Within a single species, age, gender, and genetic predisposition all play a role in toxicity. However, certain heavy metals are of grave concern because they can damage multiple organ systems, even at low exposure levels. These metals include: ArsenicCadmiumChromiumLeadMercury In addition to being toxic, these elemental metals are also known or probable carcinogens. These metals are common in the environment, occurring in air, food, and water. They occur naturally in water and soil. Additionally, they are released into the environment from industrial processes. Source: Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment, P.B. Tchounwou, C.G. Yedjou, A.J. Patlolla, D.J. Sutton, Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology  Volume 101 of the series  Experientia Supplementum  pp 133-164. Heavy metals a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report)  John H. Duffus,  Pure Appl. Chem., 2002, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 793-807

Attendant Propelled Wheelchairs and the Forces on the Attendant whilst Essay

Attendant Propelled Wheelchairs and the Forces on the Attendant whilst Manoeuvring - Essay Example Temporarily used at home and commonly found in commercial medical facilities like hospitals and nursing homes, standard wheelchairs weighs approximately more than 18kg with limited Ð °djustÐ °bility in its components. Similar to the standard wheelchair, lightweight whÐ µÃ µlchÐ °irs are made with folding frames. Likewise, lightweight wheelchairs have many Ð °djuÃ'•tÐ °blÐ µ components and are Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °blÐ µ with many fÐ µÃ °turÐ µs. Since lightweight wheelchairs are mÐ °nufÐ °cturÐ µd using aluminum, its gross weight would range between 13 to 18kg. Therefore, the lightweight wheelchair is lighter than standard whÐ µÃ µlchÐ °irs.Ultra lightweight whÐ µÃ µlchÐ °irs have the best pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µriÃ'•ticÃ'• of the thrÐ µÃ µ weight cÐ °tÐ µgoriÐ µs. Typically less than 13kg, ultra lightweight wheelchairs are the lightest-weight whÐ µÃ µlchÐ °irs bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ it is mÐ °nufÐ °cturÐ µd using aluminum, high-pÐ µrformÐ °n cÐ µ stÐ µÃ µl, or titanium. Besides the weight, the key diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn lightweight and ultra lightweight whÐ µÃ µlchÐ °irs are that ultra lightweight has a Ð °djuÃ'•tÐ °blÐ µ rÐ µÃ °r whÐ µÃ µl axle. This option increases the mechanical efficiency of the wheelchair by making it Ð µÃ °Ã'•iÐ µr for the user to rÐ µÃ °ch the rÐ µÃ °r whÐ µÃ µls during propulsion. Thus, reducing stress and strain on the upper Ð µxtrÐ µmitiÐ µs. Basically, it is the horizontally Ð °djuÃ'•tÐ °blÐ µ rÐ µÃ °r whÐ µÃ µl that allows the end-users to enjoy the benefits of having an optimal plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt of the rÐ µÃ °r whÐ µÃ µl on the frame.

Haydn's Baryton Trios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Haydn's Baryton Trios - Essay Example This instrument is related to the bass viol, and besides the six or seven strings over its fingerboard has another set of strings attached underneath. These serve a double function: they sound in sympathetic vibration with the upper strings and may also be played pizzicato by the performer's left thumb, the neck of the baryton being open at the back. A viola, replaced by a violin in three works, and a cello supply the remaining voices. These trios in three movements are carefully elaborated and prove that Haydn knew how to produce works of art, even when forced to something like mass production. Quotations and arrangements from the composer's own symphonies and operas, and even from Gluck, may have amused his august patron (Brandenburg, 1998, p. 27). Contemporary sources vary in their estimates of the merits of the instrument. Whereas Friedrich August Weber, a physician who was one of the most spirited musical writers of the time, praised it saying, "One seems to hear the gamba and harp at the same time," and confesses that he "was moved to tears" by its sounds, Dr. Burney, in discussing the performance of the baryton virtuoso, Andreas Lidl, who had been in the service of Prince Eszterhzy before going to London, writes: "Mr. Lidl played with exquisite taste and expression upon this ungrateful instrument, which has the additional embarrassment of base [sic] strings at the back of the neck and he accompanied himself with these; an admirable expedient in a desert, or even in a house, where there is but one musician, but to have the bother of accompanying yourself in a great concert, surrounded by idle per- formers who could take the trouble off your hands, and leave them more at liberty to execute, express, and embellish the princi ple melody, seemed at best a work of supererogation" (cited in Elson, 1927, p. 43). Modern listeners, for their part, admire the characteristic features in these remarkable works: the occasional derivation of subsidiary subjects from the main ideas, intricate contrapuntal devices, interesting harmonic progressions, and delightful sound effects achieved with the baryton's peculiar pizzicato (prescribed by numbers in the score): the frequent attempts to arrange baryton trios for conventional string trio have unfortunately proved a failure, as the pieces need the baryton's distinctive sound. And what a failure. Historically speaking, the instrument was the favorite of Prince Nikolaus Esterhzy who demanded that his musical servant compose zillions of pieces for it. Curiously, it isn't so much the presence of the baryton that has prevented greater exposure for these delightful octets (the part can be played on any suitable stringed instrument of similar range), but rather the atrocious difficultly of the two horn parts. Haydn demands that his wind players execute insanely acrobatic figurations at both the extreme top and bottom of their range, and this extraordinary wind sonority gives these works much of their sonic allure (Wellesz & Sternfeld, 1973, p. 129). Nevertheless because of restricted usage, the baryton music was usually unpublished originally. Haydn's twenty-one works in SS/- or SA/bass setting, four of which are now lost, stem from his earliest creative periods. Called "divertimento" and "trio" in the source MSS, those that were published appeared chiefly as "Sonates en trio" These "trios" are relatively slight and objective, but as